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Sexism, as defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is prejudice or discrimination based on sex.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sexism )〕 Historically, the English-language comic-book field has been male dominated. This has led to rampant sexism and the harassment of female fans and creators in the comics industry. ==Historical exclusion of women== The 1940s and 1950s in America were a time when comic books rose to prominence in the public eye. There was a rise in the type and number of comics being published. Where before, comics had only found homes on the pages of newspapers, and were used as tools to sell papers and attract new readers, by the 40s and 50s, comics were becoming their own medium, independent from the papers, and being featured in their own magazines and comic books. According to David Hajdu: : By 1952 more than twenty publishers were producing nearly 650 comics titles per month, employing well over a thousand artists, writers, editors, letterers, and others--among them women, as well as untold members of racial, ethnic, and social minorities who turned to comics because they thought of themselves or their ideas as unwelcome in more reputable spheres of publishing and entertainment. According to Trina Robbins many girls and young women were reading comics at that time: : In one year—1948–1949—romance comic titles jumped from four to 125, more than one quarter of comic books published were romance comics. This was the same year that a graph in ''Newsdealer'' magazine showed that females age seventeen to twenty-five were reading more comic books than guys. It is clear that many girls were engaging with the medium by reading romance comics, but writer Suzanne Scott warns in her 2013 essay ''Fangirls in refrigerators: The politics of (in)visibility in comic book culture'' that: : comics scholarship often essentializes women's taste in comics among gendered genre lines, at the expense of engaging with the (admittedly small but robust female audience for mainstream comics. In 1946 the National Cartoonists Society was formed in the United States of America. Women were excluded from the organization. Three years after its formation, the cartoonist Hilda Terry sent the National Cartoonists Society a letter saying: : We must humbly request that you either alter your title to the National Men Cartoonists Society ... or discontinue whatever rule or practice you have which bars otherwise qualified women cartoonists. She was accepted into the group the following year, and immediately nominated several other female cartoonists for membership. In 1976, Trina Robbins published an anthology, through Kitchen Sink Press, of erotic comics for women, by women. The publisher's printer refused to publish it, denouncing it as pornographic. The same printer had previously published a sex book by all male creators, which according to Robbins had: : such an obscene cover it had to be covered with plain white paper before it could even be distributed to the comic book stores. As Robbins tells it: : The printer insisted that the male sex book, ''Bizarre Sex,'' was satire, while ''Wet Satin'' was serious and therefore objectionable. Yet the underground sex newspaper ''Screw'', hardly a feminist journal, said in a review, "The humour in ''Wet Satin'' is another welcome change from other undergrounds... WHat might have been a tedious and boring look into the sexual psyche of 'liberated' women turns out to be a series of clever, satirical, and entertaining cartoon strips." The popular women's comics anthology, ''Wimmen's Comix'', which ran for twenty year, ended its run in 1992. In explaining the reason for its end, editor Caryn Leschen said: : This book has been printed on cheap paper which will turn yellow in a few years. The print run was too small and all the stores, as usual, will sell out, but they won't reorder because 'Women don't buy comix.' Bullshit. How did they sell out in the first place? It's always like that. What a waste of time and energy. Forget it." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sexism in American comics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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